IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


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PhotDgrapte 

Sciences 

Corporation 


33  \MtST  MAIN  STRUT 

WEBSTU,N.Y.  14SM 

(716)872-4503 


CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICIVIH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notos  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographically  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


D 


D 
D 


n 


D 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 


I     I    Covers  damaged/ 


Couverture  endommag^e 

Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaurte  et/ou  pelliculte 

Cover  title  missing/ 

Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 

Coloured  maps/ 

Cartes  giographiques  en  couleur 

Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 


I     I   Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 


Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 

Bound  with  other  material/ 
ReliA  avec  d'autres  documents 

Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

La  re  liure  serrie  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distortion  le  long  de  la  marge  intirieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajouttes 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparalssent  dans  le  texte, 
male,  lorsque  ceia  6tait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  it6  fiim^es. 

Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  supplimentaires: 


L'Institut  a  microfilm^  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  6t6  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-Atre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  >  jage  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  methods  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiquto  ci-dessous. 


□ 
D 
0 
0 
D 
0 
D 
D 
D 
D 


Coloured  pages/ 
Pages  de  couleur 

Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommag^es 

Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Pages  restauries  et/ou  pelllcultes 

Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 
Pages  d^coiorAes,  tachettes  ou  piqutes 

Pages  detached/ 
Pages  d^tachtes 

Showthrough/ 
Transparence 

Quality  of  print  varies/ 
Quality  in^gale  de  I'impression 

Includes  supplementary  material/ 
Comprend  du  materiel  suppi^mentaire 

Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Mition  disponible 

Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  it*  filmtes  ik  nouveau  de  fapon  A 
obtenir  la  meilieure  Image  possible. 


to 


Th 
po 
of 
flit 


Ori 
bei 
thfl 
sio 
oti 
fira 
slo 
or 


Th< 
shf 

Tl^ 

wh 

Ma 
difl 
ent 
beg 
rig» 
req 
me 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  film*  au  taux  de  rMuction  IndiquA  ci-dessous 

10X                           14X                            18X                           22X 

26X 

30X 

>/ 

12X 

16X 

20X 

24X 

28X 

32X 

laira 
8  details 
quas  du 
It  modifiar 
Jgar  una 
a  filmaga 


1/ 
utes 


ira 


Tha  copy  filmad  hara  ha*  baan  raproducad  thank* 
to  tha  ganarosity  of: 

National  Library  off  Canada  * 


Tha  imagaa  appaaring  hara  ara  tha  bast  quality 
potslbia  considaring  tha  condition  and  lagibliity 
of  tha  original  copy  and  in  Icaaping  with  tha 
filming  contract  spacif Ications. 


Original  copias  in  printad  papar  covars  ara  filmad 
baglnning  with  tha  front  covar  and  anding  on 
tha  last  paga  with  a  printad  or  lliustratad  impras- 
sion,  or  tha  back  covar  whan  approprlata.  All 
othar  original  copias  ara  filmad  baglnning  on  tha 
first  paga  with  a  printad  or  lliustratad  Impras- 
slon,  and  anding  on  tha  last  paga  with  a  printad 
or  lliustratad  imprassion. 


Tha  last  racordad  frama  on  aach  microfficha 
shall  contain  tha  symbol  — ^  (moaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  V  (moaning  "END"), 
whichavar  applias. 

iVIaps,  platas,  charts,  ate,  may  be  filmad  at 
diffarant  reduction  ratios.  Thosa  too  larga  to  ba 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  ara  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  lefft  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  fframas  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


L'exemplaire  fiimA  fut  reproduit  grAce  d  la 
gAn6rositA  de: 

BIbliothdque  nationale  du  Canada 


Las  images  suivantes  ont  iti  reproduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  soin,  compta  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
de  la  nattet^  de  l'exemplaire  ffiimi,  et  en 
confformit6  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmaga. 

Las  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprimis  sont  fiim6s  en  commen^ant 
par  la  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
darnlAre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'iiiustration,  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  salon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  ffiimis  en  commenpant  par  la 
premiere  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'iiiustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  darnlAre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 

Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaltra  sur  la 
darnlAre  image  de  cheque  microffiche.  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbols  — ^  signiffie  "A  SUIVRE",  le 
symbols  y  signiffie  "FIN". 

Les  cartas,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  dtre 
ffilmfo  A  des  taux  da  reduction  difffirents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  Atre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  cilch6,  ii  est  ffiimi  d  partir 
de  I'angia  supArieur  gauche,  de  gauche  d  droite. 
et  de  haut  an  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  nicessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  mithoda. 


)y  errata 
ad  to 

int 

na  peiure, 

iQon  A 


1  2  3 


32X 


1 

2 

3 

4 

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THE  ARITHMETICAL   PRIMER. 


mniDisiBiEiniLiL 


9 


I     M 


NEW  TABLE-BOOK 


£ 


OR, 


TABLES  OF  ARITHMETIC  MADE  EASIER. 


By  D.  0.  UNDERHILL, 

FORMERLY  TEACHKR  IN   FRIENDs'  SCHOOL.  NEW  YORK. 


SH~-,~ 


^1} 


A    NEW    EDITION, 
REVISED,  ENLARGED,  AND  IMPROVED. 


NEW    YORK: 
RICHARD  MARSH,  374  PEARL  STREET, 

PUBLISHER,    STATIONER,  AND    BLANK-DOOK 


MANUFACTUUEn. 


\4<m.^»'-m^t-fm>iimim»»fm 


j«i>i*it.«i<^A»-.- 


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:B3ss:250Kass3o: 


1 


PREFACE.  f 


9 


/  *)» 


Undbrhill's  New  Tablb-Rook,  which,  under  one  nnme  or  another, 
hnfl  lor  8(i  many  jr^^HtB  enjoyed  popular  fuvor,  is  now  presented  to  the 
public  in  an  enlarged  and  improved  turm,  and  in  a  more  worthy  style  of 
typfiijrHphy. 

Alphabetical  primers  are  no  novflty ;  the  present  book,  in  its  various 
editions,  has  been  as  yet  th»'  tirst  and  only  ntti'mpt  to  produce  an  arith- 
metical primer  fitted  to  initiate  the  young  into  the  mysterie.'  oi  ^ures, 
and  to  render  the  suhjict  of  numlijers,  in  their  uses  and  appli ,  itions, 
attriictivo  rather  than  repulsive  to  cliildren. 

A  number  of  new  pictorial  illufltrntions  will  bo  found  in  the  present 
edition.  The  Tables  of  Money.  Weight,  Measure,  Sec,  have  also  been 
Inserted  in  verse  as  well  as  in  the  standard  form,  in  order  to  fix  the  facts 
permanently  in  the  mind  of  the  learner,  so  that  they,  either  froir  memory 
or  association,  may  be  as  promptly  reproduced,  when  needeu,  aa  that 
universal  one  which  recalls  the  number  of  days  in  each  month. 

It  U  only  necessary  to  add  that  this  little  book  is  suited  to  the  capacity 
of  every  child  who  is  able  to  read,  that  it  is  designed  to  meet  the  wants 
of  schools  in  every  section  of  the  country,  and  is  equally  well-adapted 
for  home  or  parental  instruction. 


I 


Entered,  According  to  Act  or  Congress,  in  ttie  yenr  IH4(^,  by  rmoN  Arams,  and  .9 

•ntered  in  Uie  year  1854,  by  Wm.  P.  CooLtsai   in  the  Clerk's  Office  of  tlie 

District  Court  Tor  tlie  Southern  District  of  New  York 


H!  i 


^ 


*^!%^l 


Notation.— Table  of  Figures. 

ARABIC.  O 

123456789     10 

ROMAN.  '' 

1     II.     III.    IV.     V.     VI.     VII.     VIIJ.    IX.     X. 

WRITTEN. 


i 


Steamship  lu  ciu^s  the  bcbs, 


'\ 


TWO 


THREE 


FOUR 


Hivra  of  hojit  y.tn'iking  beos; 


Stemiiers  stemtniiijr  swill  the  tiile, 


>lor8e8   a'idlod  lnr  h  r.df  ; 


^ 


"^■- 


'SJS&imSSH  tmssiiii^a^  m£iZ£^iisSmA  iters 
FIVE      ^•'.        •     Cowa  that  yive  us  milk  and  cn^ain, 


SIX. 


Boys  who  in  a  huiiy  seem  ; 


1 


: 


SEVEN 


EIGHT 


NINE 


•ells  which  i  iug  a  mt-rry  pnal, 


Little  gills  all  standing  still ; 


Trees  that  in  the  orchard  grow, 


1 
I 


II 

3 

HI 

4 

IV 

5 

V 

6 

VI 

7 

vn 

8 

VIII 

9 


i\. 


111! 


TEN 


Sfil  11!.^IM  liniM  IlillM  mm  liJfii 

Hottses  staading  in  a  row. 


%m^tm:smi^^^»m:*j»^*/«*i 


3 


.•'/ 


■■c^x^^ODoao^Xics^::^ 


NUMERATION 


iSy 


OF 


Roman  and  Arabic  Fi[s:ure8« 


I.  One-     -     - 
11.  Two     -     -     - 

HI.  Th.-o  -  - 

IV.  Ff.ur    -     -    - 
V.  Five      -    - 
VI.  Six      -     -     - 
VII.  Seven    -     - 
Vlll.  Eight  -     -    - 
IX.   Nino      -     - 
X.  Ten      .     -     - 
XL  Eleven  -     - 
XII.  Twelve     -     - 
Xni.  Thirteen     - 
XIV.  Fourteen  -     - 
XV.  Filtnen  -     - 
XVI.  Sixteen     -     - 
XVII.  Seventeen  - 
XVIII.  Eighteen-    - 
XIX.  Nineteen    - 
XX.  Twenty     -     - 
XXI.  Twenty-one 
XXII.  Twenty-two  - 

XXIII.  Twenty-three 

XXIV.  Twenty-four - 
XXV.  Twenty-five 

XXVI.  Twenty-six    - 
XXVII.  Twenty-seven 
XXVIII.  Twenty-eight 
XXIX.  Twenty-nine- 


Arabic. 
-  1 


3 

4 
5 
6 
7 
8 
9 

10 
11 
12 
13 
14 
15 
16 
17 
18 
19 
20 
21 
22 
23 
24 
25 
26 
27 
28 
29 


Roman. 

XXX. 

XXXI. 

XL. 

XLl. 

L. 

LI. 

LX 

LXI. 

LXX. 

LXXL 

LXXX. 

LXX  XL 

xc. 

XCL 

XCV. 

XCIX. 

c. 

cc. 

ccc. 

cccc. 

D. 

DC. 

Dec. 

DCCC. 

DCCCC. 

M. 

M.DCCC 


Arabic. 
Thirty  ...  30 
Thirty-one  -  -  31 
Forty  ...  -  40 
Forly-one  -  -  41 
Fifty    .     .     .     .50 

Fifty-one  -  -  51 
Sixty  -  ...  60 
Sixty-one  -  -  61 
Seventy  -  -  -  70 
Sevojity-one  -  71 
Eighty  ...  80 
Eighty-ono  -  81 
Ninety     -  -  90 

Ninety-one  -  91 
Ninety-five  -  -  95 
Ninety-nine     -     99 

1  hundred  -     -  100 

2  hundred      -     200 

3  hundred  -     -  300 

4  hundrt;d      -     400 

5  hundred  -     -  500 

6  hundred      -     600 

7  hundred  -     -  700 

8  hundred      -  jltiO 

9  hundred  -  -  900 
1  thousand     -  1000 

,LIV.  One  thousand 
eight  hundred  and 
fifty-four,   1854. 


Note. — The  Roman  charactert  are  seven  in  number — I.  V.  X.  L.  C.  D. 
M  — iitiil  any  number  may  be  formed  by  combinntions  <if  th»'m. 

The  'e|H'tition  of  a  lett«^r  repeats  it*  valuo  in  the  number.  X  being 
ten.  XX  make  twi-nty,  XXX  tnirty,  &c,  A  letter  of  less  value,  pliiced 
at  the  right-hand  of  one  of  a  gn-ater  value,  incrfast^s  the  numl)i'r ;  placed 
at  the  leit-lmiKl.  it  dimini'*he§  the  tmmber.  Thus,  V  being  tiv««,  and  1  one, 
VI  is  t*ix,  and  IV  four ;  XI  eleven,  and  IX  nin»«,  &c. 

The  Roman  mode  of  numbering  is  now  but  little  used ;  the  Arabic 
being  preferred  fur  business  and  other  purposes. 


|V 

V 


4» 


1 


^  •( 


: 

a 


I 


N  time  rat  ion. 

12    3    4 

«  #   #   # 

How  many  balls  are  thero  #   (ii   # 

in  each  lino,  counting-  tliren  ^   ^ 

wayg  ?  Begin  at  1,  und 
count  all  around  on  the  out-  ^ 

side  back  to  1  again,  and 
Bee  if  thero  are  not  twenty- 
seven.  Then  count  the 
whole,  and  see  if  thero  are 
not  55 


Read  the  following  numbers : — 
45,  78,  (57,  13,  46,  79,  35,  68.      14,  80,  36,  69,  15,  48,  81,  37. 


70,  49,  82,  43,  76,  17,  50,  83. 
85,20,53,  41,7  4,  87,  42,75. 
11,44,25,  91,77,26,  59,33. 


38,  18,  51,  84,  39,  72,  19,  52. 
22,  55,  88,  23,  56,  24,  57,  90. 
92,  66j  27,  60,  93,  32,  65,  94. 


r       NUMERATION   TABLE. 

The  amount  expressed  by  figures  increases  from  right  to  left, 
but  in  reading  or  numerating  them,  commence  at  the  left  hand. 


i 

•  1-4 
n     « 

§  ?  « 


■^5 

re    ^    - 

5  §  '3 


o 

2         » 


t.  o  ^ 

C   C    <B 

3  5   3 

WHOf 


C  a 


S 

o 
PQ  a 

OS 
"2  CO  o 


o 

ii 

C  3  a 

3    •   -M 


1 


J:3 


II 

^    CD    3 

g  C   O 


o 


5:  HO'. 


888,  777,  666, 556, 444, 333, 222, 111 


: 
: 
: 


\  '^ 


a 

■ 


^ 


I 


-c  "^  r3 

M  5 


l>    t;    « 

•^3   •   3 


C  T  g 


^^.^Qf 


CQ  «0< 


12 


"3  •  a 


^sm      5>«*2      S«:a 

c2^.5  •^::'i  f':Sc 

1^3    .►<1=L    ilH 


C    3     . 

i:;     PQ 


t 


n 


SI 


ill 


Id 

Si 


KoTR  — The  above  Is  the  French  method,  «nd  the  one  generally  used ; 
the  English  method  points  otf  six  fijjurss  to  a  period. 


im  a:»  i:m:*jm.tm  M_, 


«-«»»^i-' 


w^  ■'f^.0'ii'^*^tr  ■ 


I 


Table  of  Addition. 


und 
and 
and 
and 
(iiid 
and 
and 
and 
und 
and 
und 


1 

aro 

2 

2 

and     1 

2 

ar« 

3 

2 

and    2 

3 

aro 

4 

and    3 

4 

aio 

5 

2 

and    4 

5 

iiro 

6 

and    5 

6 

aro 

7 

o 

and    6 

7 

are 

8 

and    7 

8 

aro 

9 

o 

and    8 

9 

aro 

10 

2 

and    9 

10 

aro 

11 

2 

and  10 

U 

aro 

12 

2 

and  11 

are 
arc 
aro 
nro 
II  re 

ITO 

aro 
aro 
are 
are 
aro 


and 
and 
and 
and 
and 
and 
and 
and 
and 
and 
and 


1 
o 


3 

4 
5 


aro 
aro 
aro 
aro 
are 

6  aro 

7  arc 

8  aro 

9  are 

10  are 

11  are 


5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 


5  and 
5  and 
5  and 
5  and 

and 

and 

and 

and 

and 

and  10 

and  11 


5 
5 
5 
5 
5 
5 
5 


I 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7 
8 
9 


are 
aro 
are 
aro 
are 
are 
are 
are 
are 
are 
are 


a 

7 
8 
9 
10 
11 
12 
13 
14 
15 
16 


6  and 
6  and 
6  and 
G  and 
6  and 
G  and 
6  and 
G  and 
6  and 
6  and 
6  and 


7 

8 

9 

10 

11 


1  aro 

2  (iro 

3  are 

4  are 

5  lire 

6  aro  12 

7  are  13 

8  aro  14 

9  aro  15 
10  are  16 
n   are  17 


and 
and 
and 
and 
and 


and    6 


and  7 
and  8 
and  9 
and  10 
and  11 


are  8 
are  9 
are  10 
aro  11 
aro  12 
aic  13 
are  14 
are  15 
are  16 
are  17 
are  18 


1 
9 


8  and 
8  and 
8  and 
8  and 
8  and 
8  and 
8  and 
8  and 
8  and 
8  and  10 
8  and  11 


3 

4 
5 
6 
7 
8 
9 


ate  9 
aro  10 
are  11 
are  12 
are  13 
are  14 
aro  15 
are  16 
are  17 
are  18 
are  19 


9  and 
9  and 
9  and 
9  and 
9  and 
9  and 
9  and 
9  and 
9  and 
9  and 
9  and 


1  a/e  10 

2  are  ll 

3  me  12 

4  are  13 

5  are  14 

6  are  15 

7  aro  16 

8  aro  17 

9  are  18 

10  are  19 

11  are  20 


I 


0  and  1  are  11 
0  and  2  are  12 
0  and  3  are  13 
0  and  4  are  14 
0  and  5  are  15 
0  and  6  are  16 
0  and  7  are  17 
0  and  8  ore  18 
0  and  9  aire  19 
0  and  10  are  20 
and  11  are  21 


11  and 
11  and 
11  and 
11  and 
11  and 
11  and 
11  and 
11  and 
11  and 
11  and 
11  and 


are  TJ 
are  13 
are  14 
are  15 
arc  16 
are  17 
are  18 
are  J.  9 
are  20 
are  21 
are  22 


12  und 
12  and 
12  and 
12  and 
12  and 
12  and 
12  and 
12  and 
12  aid 
12  and 
12  and 


arc  16 
are  17 
aro  18 
are  19 


11 


% 


\ 


Sbosesooosoooe 


3 

7 

3 

8 

1 

0 

k 

10 

t 

11 

3 

12 

\ 

13 

1 

14 

3 

1.') 

3 

16 

3 

17 

^i  ■ 


Atlditioii  in  Khyiiic. 


Two  ponnio*  had  John, 
Hid  HJHtfM-  hud  1, 
They  gave  them  to  me, 
And  thoti  I  hiid  3, 
Thus  y<iu  niny  so*?, 
Tliul  2  uiul  1  make  3. 


Two  npplos  had  Jane, 

And  ^llll•y  U  more, 

Tliey  gavt!  tht-ni  to  Surah, 

And  tlion  shv  luid  4  ; 

'J'liii.s,  2  and  ii  iiro  4,  we  know, 

Tlie  Hpplus  make  it  i)laiuly  so. 


Jtimrs  hns  2  penrs  we  see, 
Tiion  siii)p().se  I  give  him  3, 
fidw  nuiiiy  will  there  be  ? 
2  and  3  are  5  we  know, 
8o  3  and  2  for  5  must  go. 
Look  in  the  lablo  and  find  it  so. 


Margaret  had  a  pincushion, 

l*rf  seated  hy  lier  mother, 

It  had  5  pins  upon  one  side, 

And  4  [tins  on  the  other — 

On  the  little  velvet  ball, 

How  many  pins  were  there  in  all? 

5  and  4,  as  9  we  view. 

And  4  and  5  are  9,  as  true," 
The  table  will  say  the  same  to  you. 


I  "ntywilt'  \ii0ji>ij<!lyvtt»^.*rrrj»n'i*'^'' 


1  from 
1  from 
fr(>rn 
from 


Subtraction  Table. 


from 
from 
from 
from 
from 
from 


1  leaves 

2  learog 

3  leaves 

4  leaves 

5  leaves 

6  leaves 

7  leaves 

8  leaves 

9  leaves 

10  leaves 

11  leaves 


0 

5  from 

1 

5  from 

2 

5  from 

3 

5  from 

4 

5  from 

5 

5  from 

6 

5  from 

7 

5  from 

8 

5  from 

9 

5  from 

0 

5  from 

5  leaves 

6  leaves 

7  leaves 

8  leaves 

9  leaves 

10  leaves 

11  leaves 

12  leaves 

13  leaves 

14  leaves 

15  leaves 


0 
1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6* 
7 
8 
9 
10 


9  from 
9  from 
9  from 
9  from 
9  from 
9  from 
9  from 
9  from 
9  from 
9  from 
9  from 


9  leaves 

10  leaves 

11  leaves 

12  leaves 

13  leaves 

14  leaves 

15  leaves 

16  leaves 

17  leaves 

18  leaves 

19  leaves 


2  from 
2  from 
2  from 
2  from 
2  from 
2  from 
2  from 
2  from 
2  frtim 
2  from 
2  fiom 


2  leaves 

0 

3  leaves 

1 

4  leaves 

2 

5  leaves 

3 

o  leaves 

4 

7  leaves 

5 

8  leaves 

6 

9  leaves 

7 

10  leaves 

8 

11  leaves 

9 

12  leaves 

10 

()  fiom 
()  from 
6  from 
6  from 
6  frorii 
6  from 
6  from 
6  from 
G  from 
6  from 
6  from 


6  leaves 

7  leaves 

8  leaves 

9  leaves 

10  leaves 

11  leaves 

12  leaves 

13  loaves 

14  leaves 

15  leaves 

16  leaves 


0 

1 
o 

3 

4 
5 
6 
7 
8 
9 
10 


3  from 
3  from 
3  from- 
3  from 
3  from 
3  from 
3  from 
from 
from 
from 
from 


3  leaves 

4  leaves 

5  leaves 

6  leaves 

7  leaves 

8  leaves 

9  leaves 

10  leaves 

11  leaves 

12  leaves 

13  leaves  10 


from 
from 
from 
from 
from 
from 
from 
from 
from 
from 
from 


7  leaves 

0 

8  leaves 

1 

9  leaves 

o 

10  leaves 

3 

11  leaves 

4 

12  leaves 

5 

13  leaves 

6 

14  leaves 

7 

15  leaves 

8 

16  leaves 

9 

17  leaves 

10 

4  leaves  0 

5  leaves  1 

6  leaves  2 

7  leaves  3 

8  leaves  4 

9  leaves  5 
from  10  loaves  6 
from  11  leaves  7 
from  12  leaves  8 
from  13  leaves  9 
from  14  leaves  10 


8  from    8  leaves  0 

8  from    9  leaves  1 

8  from  10  leaves  SJ 

8  from  11  leaves  3 

8  from  12  leaves  4 

8  from  13  leaves  5 

8  from  14  leaves  6 

8  from  15  leaves  7 

8  from  16  leaves  8 

8  from  17  leaves  9 
8  from  18  leaves  10 


0  from  10 
0  from  1 1 
0  from  12 
0  from  13 
0  from  14 
0  from  15 
0  from  16 
0  from  17 
0  from  18 
0  from  19 
0  from  20 


leaves  0 

leaves  1 

leaves  2 

leaves  3 

leaves  4 

leaves  5 

leaves  6 

leaves  7 

leaves  8 

leaves  9 

leaves  10 


1  from  11 


from  12 
from  13 
from  14 
1  from  15 
1  from  16 
1  fi'om  17 
1  from  18 
1  from  19 
1  from  20 
1  from  21 


leaves 
leaves 
leaves 
leaves 
leaves 
leaves 
leaves 
leaves 
leaves 
leaves 
leaves 


0 
1 

2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7 
8 
9 
10 


2  from  12  leaves  0 

2  from  13  leaves  1 

2  from  14  leaves  2 

2  from  15  leaves  3 

2  from  16  leaves  4 

2  from  17  leavei  5 

2  from  18  leaves  6 

2  from  19  leaves  7 

2  from  20  leaves  8 

2  from  21  leaves  9 
2  from  22  leaves  10 


l-« 


V 


I:  -' 


8 


_AiLiU..._, 


:v;^?*=?7==^ 


_u=:r-.i.t-— -T' 


►     2 

I    3 

I    4 

I    5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

_10 

0 
1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7 
8 
9 
10 


William  had  3  peaches  fair, 
George  and  Thomas  each  his  share, 

One  8,  the  other  7  ; 
Now  search  the  table,  and  you  will    ^ 

see. 
That  peaches  8  and  peaches  3, 

Make  peaches  just  11 ; 
Add  7  peaches  to  11,  as  the  table    |r 

shows. 
And  you'll  have  just  18,  so  the  story 

goes. 


Subtraction  in  Rhyme. 


^iH 


■M' 


Ml! 


^'1.  t:^ 


Three  apples  on  a  table  lie, 
And  Jane  takes  one  in  passing  by; 

How  many  does  she  leave  / 
1  from  3  leaves  2, 
So  says  the  table  true ; 
And  2  from  3  leaves  1, 
When  the  work  is  rightly  done  ; 
And  80  must  all  believe. 


Charlotte  had  11  pins. 

And  gave  Eliza  4  ; 
Then  all  she  had  remaining 
Were  7  and  no  more. 
4  and  7  make  11, 
Then  4  from  11  leaves  7, 
And  7  from  11,  four. 


a 


V 

1 


Peter  has  just  18  plums, 
And  gives  his  sister  10, 

As  gaily  in  the  room  he  comes ; 
How  many  has  he  then? 

The   table    makes    it    clear    and 
straight, 

That  10  from  18  leaves  just  8; 
And  8  from  18,  ten— 

From  18  plums  take  10  away, 

8  plums  are  left,  'tis  plain  as  day. 


-*p*'W?  •*i*'<Hlp*».-'«^  'r-^**  f 


Table  of  IVIultipllibatioii. 


3 

2  times    1  are 

2 

3  times    1  are 

3 

4  times 

1  are 

4 

2  limes    2  are 

4 

3  limes    2  are 

6 

4  times 

2  are 

8    0 

2  times    3  are 

6 

3  limes    3  are 

9 

4  times 

3  are 

12    H 

2  times    4  are 

8 

3  times    4  are 

12 

4  times 

4  are 

16    % 

• 

2  times    5  are 

10 

3  times    5  are 

15 

4  limes 

5  are 

20  r 

2  times    fi  are 

12 

3  times    6  are 

18 

4  times 

6  are 

24    ^ 

28    L            -» 

2  times    7  are 

14 

3  times    7  are 

21 

4  times 

7  are 

2  times    8  are 

k; 

3  times    8  are 

24 

4  times 

8  are 

32  r 

2  times    9  are 

18 

3  times    9  are 

27 

4  times 

9  are 

36     3 

2  times  10  are 

20 

3  limes  10  are 

30 

4  times 

10  are 

^0    H 

2  times  11  are 

22 

3  times  11  are 

33 

4  times 

11  are 

44    R 

2  times  12  are 

24 

3  limes  12  are 

36 

4  times 

12  are 

48    ^ 

i 

5  times     1  are 

5 

6  times    1  are 

6 

7  limes 

1  are 

7 

5  times    2  are 

10 

6  times    2  are 

12 

7  times 

2  are 

14 

r| 

5  times    3  are 

15 

6  times    3  are 

18 

7  times 

3  are 

21 

^ 

5  times    4  are 

20 

6  times    4  are 

24 

7  times 

4  are 

28 

a 

5  times    5  are 

25 

6  times    5  are 

30 

7  times 

5  are 

35 

R 

5  times    6  are 

30 

6  times    6  are 

36 

7  times 

6  are 

42 

^ 

5  times    7  are 

35 

6  times    7  are 

42 

7  times 

7  are 

49 

1   ^  i 

5  limes    8  are 

40 

6  times    8  are 

48 

7  times 

8  are 

56 

5  times    9  are 

45 

6  times    9  are 

54 

7  limes 

9  are 

63    M 

1 

5  times  10  are 

50 

6  times  10  are 

60 

7  times  10  are 

70    fl 

/ 

5  times  11  are 

55 

6  times  11  are 

66 

7  limes 

11  are 

77    M 

\ 

5  times  12  are 

60 

6  times  12  are 

72 

7  times 

12  are 

84 

8  times    1  are 

8 

9  times    1  are 

9 

10  times 

1  tire 

10 

8  times    2  are 

16 

9  times    2  are 

18 

10  times 

2  are 

20    fj               1 

8  times    3  are 

24 

9  times    3  are 

27 

10  times 

3  are 

30    ^          '   1 

8  times    4  are 

32 

9  times    4  are 

36 

10  limes 

4  arc 

40  y       ,1 

8  times    5  are 

40 

9  times    5  are 

45 

10  times 

5  are 

50    fl               1 

8  times    6  are 

48 

9  times    6  are 

54 

10  times 

6  are 

60  b|           1 

8  times    7  are 

56 

9  times    7  are 

63 

10  times 

7  are 

70  Q 

8  times    8  are 

64 

9  times    8  are 

72 

10  times 

8  are 

80  H 

90    U    •    .     ' 

8  times    9  are 

72 

9  times    9  are 

81 

10  times 

9  are 

8  times  10  are 

80 

9  times  10  are 

90 

10  times 

10  are 

100   p 

8  times  11  are 

88 

9  times  11  are 

99 

10  times 

11  are 

110  H 

8  times  12  are 

96 

9  times  12  are 

108 

10  limes  12  are 

120 

ri            ^  M"^ 

11  times    1  are 

11 

11  times    5  are 

55 

11  times 

9  are 

99 

J                          1 

11  limes    2  are 

22 

11  times    6  are 

66 

11  times 

10  arc 

110 

n       1 

11  times    3  are 

33 

11  times    7  are 

77 

11  times 

11  arc 

121  b        « 

11  times    4  are 

44 

11  times    8  are 

88 

11  limits 

12  are 

132 

J 

1 

J    12  times  1  are  12 

^^     12  times  2  are  24 

•^     12  times  3  are  36 

12  times  4  are  48 


12  times  5  are  60 

12  limes  6  are  72 

12  limes  7  are  81 

12  times  8  are  96 


12  times  9  are  103 
12  times  10  arc  120 
12  rimes  11  iire  132 
12  times  12  are  144 


!  ^^>it]«^^SOC^^^3£^^^£?OS^*^s^^^]S^^'QQQ0»O^£C^^ 


\ 


"■'■ ,. 


■*«., 


" ,''" 


10 


-  i 


t^' 


J 


Table  of*%IulUplication— Coktiitu&o. 


3  rimes 
3  limes 
3  times 
times 
times 
times 
times 
times 
3  times 
3  times 
3  times 
3  times 


1  arc 

13 

2  are 

26 

3  are 

39 

4  are 

52 

5  are 

65 

6  are 

78 

7  are 

91 

8  are 

104 

9  are 

117 

10  are 

130 

11  are 

143 

12  are 

156 

14  times 
14  times 
14  times 
14  times 
]4  times 
14  times 
14  limes 
14  times 
14  times 
14  times 
14  times 
14  times 


1  are 

2  are 
are 
are 
are 
are 
are 

8  are  112 

9  are  126 

10  are  140 

11  are  154 

12  are  168 


3 
4 
5 
6 
7 


14 
28 
42 
56 
70 
84 
98 


15  times 
15  times 
15  times 
15  times 
15  times 
15  times 
15  times 
15  times 
15  times 
15  times 
15  times 
15  times 


1  are 

2  are 
are 
are 
are 
are 


3 
4 
5 


60 
75 
90 


6 

7  are  105 

8  are  120 

9  are  135 

10  arc  150 

11  are  165 

12  are  180 


6  times 
6  times 
6  times 
6  times 
6  times 
6  times 
6  times 
6  times 
6  times 
6  times 
6  times 
6  times 


1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7 


are 
are 
are 
are 
are 
are 
are 

8  are 

9  are 

10  are  160 

11  are  176 

12  are  192 


16 

32 

48 

64 

80 

96 

112 

128 

144 


17  times 
17  times 
17  times 
17  times 
17  times 
17  times 
17  times 
17  times 
17  times 
17  times 
17  times 
17  times 


1 

are 

17 

2 

are 

34 

3 

are 

51 

4 

are 

68 

5 

are 

85 

6 

are 

102 

7 

are 

119 

8 

are 

136 

9 

are 

153 

10 

are 

170 

11 

are 

187 

12 

are 

204 

18  times 
18  times 
18  times 
18  times 
18  times 
18  times 
18  times 
18  tiAes 
18  times 
18  times 
18  times 
18  times 


1  are 

2  are 
are 
are 
are 


18 
36 
54 
72 
90 


are  108 
are  126 


3 
4 
5 
6 
7 

8  are  144 

9  are  162 

10  are  180 

1 1  are  198 

12  arc  216 


9  times 
9  times 
9  times 
9  times 
9  times 
9  times 
9  times 
9  times 
9  times 
9  times  10 
9  times  11 
9  times  12 


19 
38 
57 
76 
95 


are 
are 
ai*e 
are 
are 
are  114 
are  133 
are  152 
are  171 
are  190 
are  209 
are  228 


20  times 
20  times 
20  times 
20  times 
20  times 
20  times 
20  times 
20  times 
20  times 
20  times 
20  times 
20  times 


1  are 

2  are 

3  are 

4  are 

5  are 

6  lire 

7  are 

8  are 

9  are 

10  are 

11  are 

12  are 


20 

21  times 

40 

21  times 

60 

21  times 

80 

21  time« 

100 

21  limes 

120 

21  times 

140 

21  times 

160 

21  times 

180 

21  times 

200 

21  limes 

220 

21  times 

240 

21  times 

1  are    21 

2  are    42 

3  are    63 

4  are    84 

5  are  105 

6  are  126 

7  are  147 

8  are  168 

9  are  189 
10  are  210 
U  are  231 
12  are  252 


22  times 

1  are 

22 

22  times 

5  are  110 

22  times    9  hro  198 

22  times 

2  are 

44 

22  times 

6  are  132 

22  times  10  are  S20 

22  times 

3  are 

66 

22  times 

7  are  154 

22  times  11  are  242 

22  times 

4  are 

88 

22  times 

8  are  176 

22  times  12  are  264 

23  times 

1  are 

23 

23  times 

.»  are  115 

23  times    9  are  207 

23  times 

2  are 

46 

23  times 

•)  are  138 

23  times  10  are  230 

23  times 

3  are 

69 

23  times 

/  are  161 

23  times  11  are  253 

23  times 

4  are 

92 

23  times 

8  are  184 

23  times  12  are  276 

f 


t 


m^^sm:^ 


IflaUiplication  in  Rhyme. 

Samuel  lies  2  knives, 

And  Mo9P8  twice  the  same; 

How  many  then  for  Moses, 
Ought  we  to  name  ? 

Twice  means  as  many  more, 

Then  Moses  must  have  4  ; 
Twice  1  are  2, 
Says  the  table  to  you : 
And  twice  2  are  4, 
It  says  furthermore, 

Amelia  has  2  roses, 

And  Frances  has  2  more, 
Miss  Helen  has  another  2, 

To  add  unio  the  4 — 
And  4  and  2  are  6  we  call, 
The  number  which  they  had  in  all: 
So  3  times  2  ui'o  6  we  see, 
And  6  we  say  for  2  times  3. 


s 


4V 


; 


Four  boys  at  marbles  play, 
And  each  has  5  they  say  ; 
How  many  marbles  have  they  all? 
Can  any  one  the  number  call  ? 
Yes,  5  and  5  we  know  are  10, 
Two  other  fives  the  same  again ; 

And  then  2  tens  are  20 ; 
So  4  times  5  do  20  make. 
And  5  times  4  do  20  take. 
And  here  are  marbles  plenty. 


Division  in  Riiyme. 


Since  2  ones  make  2  we  know, 
Then  2  but  once  in  2  will  go ; 
Thus  the  father  doth  divide 
2  apples,  one  to  either  side. 
Which  2  good  children  share 
As  you  can  see  them  there. 


:^^<a^«f^ 


1 


£ 


- -! t-^ —I  iim  I  \m^  ■ 


Division  Table. 


5SJL 


♦V 


M 


>. 


1  into 


1  into 

1  into 

1  into 

1  into 

1  into 

1  into 


2  goo  9 

3  goes 

4  g008 

5  goes 
G  goes 

7  goes 

8  goes 

9  goes 

10  goes 

11  goes 

12  goes 

13  goes 

14  goes 

15  goes 

16  goes 


2 

times 

3 

times 

4 

times 

5 

times 

6 

times 

7 

times 

8 

time» 

9 

times 

10 

times 

11 

times 

12 

times 

13 

timns" 

14 

times 

15 

times 

I'd 

times 

4  into  8 

,  4  into  12 

4  into  16 

4  into  20 

4  into  24 

4  into  28 

4  into  32 

4  into  36 

4  into  40 

4  into  44 

4  into  48 

4  into  52 

4  into  56 

4  into  60 

4  into  64 


goes 
goes 
goes 
goes 
goes 
goes 
goes 
goes 
goes 
goes 
goes 
goes 
goes 
goes 
goes 


2  times 

3  times 

4  times 

5  times 

6  times 

7  times      ' 

8  times 

9  times 

10  times 

1 1  times 

12  times 

13  times 

14  times 

15  times 

16  times 


4  goes 

6  goec 

8  goes 

10  goes 

12  goes 

1 4  goes 

16  goes 

18  goes 

20  goes 

22  goes 

24  goes 

26  goes 

28  goes 

30  goes 

32  goes 


2  times 

3  times 

4  times 

5  times 

6  times 

7  times 

8  times 

9  times 

10  times 

11  times 

12  times 

13  times 

14  times 

15  tim4 

16  times 


into  10 

into  15 

into  20 

into  25 

into  30 

into  35 

into  40 

into  45 

into  50 

into  55 

into  60 

into  65 

into  70 

into  75 

into  80 


goes 
goes 
goes 
goes 
goes 
goes 
goes 
goes 
goes 
goes 
goes 
goes 
goes 
goes 
goes 


2  times 

3  times 

4  times 

5  times 

6  times 

7  times 

8  times 

9  times 

10  times 

1 1  times 

12  times 

13  times 

14  times 

15  times 

16  times 


6  goes 

9  goes 

12  goes 

15  goes 

18  goes 

21  goes 

24  goes 

27  goes 

30  goes 

33  goes 

36  goes 

39  goes 

42  goes 

45  goes 

48  goes 


2  times 

3  times 

4  times 

5  times 

6  times 

7  times 

8  times 

9  times 

10  times 

11  times 

12  times 

13  times 

14  times 

15  times 

16  times 


6  into  12 

6  into  18 

6  into  24 

6  into  30 

6  into  36 

6  into  42 

6  into  48 

6  into  54 

6  into  60 

6  into  66 

6  into  72 

6  into  78 

6  into  84 

6  into  90 

6  into  96 


18 


goes 
goes 
goes 
goes 
goes 
goes 
goes 
goes 
goes 
goes 
goes 
goes 
goes 
goes 
goes 

£0£^ 


2  times 

3  times 

4  times 

5  times 

6  times 

7  times 

8  times 

9  times 

10  times 

11  times 

12  times 

13  times 

14  times 

15  times 

16  times 


.J>'HKUS>»<(^v 


• 


: 


Division  Tabic — CoimiTUEn. 


: 


' 


• 


' 


. 


7 

into 

14 

goes 

2 

times 

10 

into 

20 

goes 

^       t 

imes 

7 

into 

21 

goes 

3 

times 

10 

into 

30 

goes 

3    t 

imes 

7 

into 

28 

goes 

4 

times 

10 

into 

40 

goes 

4    t 

imes 

7 

into 

35 

goes 

5 

times 

10 

into 

50 

goes 

5    t 

imei 

7 

into 

42 

goes 

6 

times 

10 

into 

60 

goes 

6    t 

imes 

7 

into 

49 

goes 

7 

times 

10 

into 

70 

goes 

7    t 

imes 

7 

into 

56 

goes 

8 

times 

10 

into 

80 

goes 

8    t 

imes 

7 

into 

63 

goes 

9 

times 

10 

into 

90 

goes 

9    t 

imes 

7 

into 

70 

goes 

10 

times 

10 

into 

100 

goes 

10    t 

imes 

7 

into 

77 

goes 

11 

times 

10 

into 

110 

goes 

11    t 

imes 

7 

into 

84 

goes 

12 

times 

10 

into 

120 

goes 

12    t 

imes 

7 

into 

91 

goes 

13 

times 

10 

into 

130 

goes 

13    t 

imes 

7 

into 

98 

goes 

14 

times 

10 

into 

140 

goes 

14    t 

imes 

7 

into 

105 

goes 

15 

times 

10 

into 

150 

goes 

15    t 

imes 

7 

into 

112 

goes 

16 

times 

10 

into 

160 

goes 

16    t 

imes 

r 

into 

16 

goes 

2 

times 

11 

into 

22 

goes 

t^        1 

imes 

8 

into 

24 

goes 

3 

times 

11 

into 

33 

goes 

3    t 

imes 

8 

into 

32 

goes 

4 

times 

11 

into 

44 

goes 

4    t 

imes 

8 

into 

40 

goes 

5 

times 

11 

into 

55 

goes 

5    t 

imes 

8 

into 

48 

goes 

6 

times 

11 

into 

66 

goes 

6    t 

imes 

8 

into 

56 

goes 

7 

times 

11 

into 

77 

goes 

7    t 

,imes 

8 

into 

64 

goes 

8 

times 

11 

into 

88 

goes 

8    t 

imes 

8 

into 

72 

goes 

9 

times 

11 

into 

99 

goes 

9    t 

imes 

8 

into 

80 

goes 

10 

times 

11 

into 

110 

goes 

10    t 

imes 

8 

into 

88 

goes 

11 

times 

11 

into 

121 

goes 

11    t 

imes 

8 

into 

9(] 

goes 

12 

times 

11 

into 

132 

goes 

12    t 

imes 

8 

into 

104 

goes 

13 

times 

11 

into 

143 

goes 

13    t 

imes 

8 

into 

112 

goes 

14 

times 

11 

into 

154 

goes 

14    t 

imes 

8 

into 

120 

goes 

15 

times 

11 

into 

165 

goes 

15    t 

,imes 

8 

into 

128 

goes 

16 

times 

11 

into 

176 

goes 

16    1 

imes 

r 

into 

18 

goes 

2 

times 

12 

into 

24 

goes 

2    t 

imes 

9 

into 

27 

goes 

3 

times 

12 

into 

36 

goes 

3    t 

imes 

9 

into 

30 

goes 

4 

times 

12 

into 

48 

goes 

4    t 

imes 

9 

into 

45 

goes 

5 

times 

12 

into 

60 

goes 

5    t 

imes 

9 

into 

54 

goes 

6 

times 

12 

into 

72 

goes 

6    t 

imes 

9 

into 

63 

jjoes 

7 

times 

12 

into 

84 

goes 

7    t 

imes 

9 

into 

72 

goes 

8 

times 

12 

into 

96 

goes 

8    t 

imes 

9 

into 

81 

goes 

9 

times 

12 

into 

108 

goes 

9    t 

imes 

9 

into 

90 

goes 

10 

times 

12 

into 

120 

goes 

10    1 

imes 

9 

into 

99 

goes 

11 

times 

12 

31     r 

^32 

goes 

.1!     t 

imes 

9 

into 

108 

»:oe8 

12 

times 

12 

int 

i44 

goes 

\9.    t 

imrt» 

9 

into 

117 

./  '8 

13 

times 

12 

into 

156 

goes 

13    t 

irnoi 

9 

into 

126 

goes 

14 

times 

12 

into 

168 

goefi 

14      ! 

imea 

9 

into 

135 

goes 

15 

times 

12 

into 

180 

goes 

Vu     . 

.imoa 

9 

into 

144 

goes 

Ki 

times 

12 

into 

192 

goes, 

16    1 

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Division  in  Rliynie. 


■J 


Unmet  has  4  orangns, 
For  little  Jane  and  Mary, 

In  equal  share,  each  has  a  pair, 
The  numbers  do  not  vary. 

And  thus  we  see  Division  true ; 

Both  have  the  4,  and  each  has  2; 

2  twos  are  then  in  four  we  know, 

And  2  in  4  will  2  times  go. 


"S  .,*'lj 


Six  large  apples  Henry  had, 
To   give    to    Silas,  John,  and 
Thomas, 

And  2  he  gave  each  little  lad, 
According  to  his  promise  ; 

And  as  he  dealt  them  round, 

3  twos  in  C  were  found ; 
So  2  in  6  will  3  times  go, 
Then  3  in  6  goes  twice  we  know. 

A  teacher  had  just  20  toys, 
To  give  to  4  good  little  hoys, 
He  would  the  fives  in  20  teach, 
And  so  he  gave  5  toys  to  each, 

4  fives  in  20  thus  he  shows. 
And  then  5   foms,  as  each  boy 

knows ; 
into  20  will  go  4  times, 
4   into  20  go  5,  coixectly 
chimes ; 
The  table  will  show  you  the  truth 
of  the  rhymes. 


So  5 
And 


The  Uses  of  the  Tables. 


t 


1 


Notation  writes  the  figures  down, 

And  Numeration  reads  them — 
Addition  makes  two  numbers  one, 

And    more   so,   when    it   needs 
them. 
Subtraction  of  two  numbers  makes 

A  third — as  you  have  seem  them— 
The  smaller  from  the  larger  takes, 

And  shows  the  odds  between  them, 
Multiplication,  in  a  word. 


a 


Adds  much  with  little  labor, 
And  with  two  numbers  makes 
third, 

A  far  superior  neighbor. 
Division  with  two  numbers  shows 

How  many  times  attaining, 
The  less  one  in  the  larger  goes, 

And  what  there  is  remaining. 
The  large  square  table  at  a  view, 
Will  show  what  each  and  a. i  can  do 


.«'V: 


•sMa/^^ 


':i 


.   TABLES    OF 


^OSOCSOJK 


MONEY,    WEIGHTS,    MEASURES,    ETC. 


I.  IVIOIVEY. 


Money  has  various  names,  or  rates  : 
Fkdeual,  or  that  of  the  United  States, 

Has  Eagl^ni,  Dollars,  Dimes,  and  Cents. 
Stkuling,  or  Errglish,  which  one  sees 
In  England  and  lier  colonies, 

Has  Guineas,  Pounds,  Shillings,  and  Pence. 
French,  used  in  France  through  all  her  ranks, 

Has  simple  Centimes,  Decime*,  Francs. 


100  CenU. 


SCenU 


550  CenU. 

FEDERAL,  OR  UmTED  STATES  MONEY.-The  vrIuc  of  this 
money  increMstjs  hy  ttfna,  which  makes  itveiy  eimplo  and  ensy  to  reckon, 
and  hence  accountd  are  mostly  kept  in  Dollars  and  Cents,  in  this  country. 

10  mills  m.  make 
10  cents      •        • 
10  dimes 
10  dollars  • 

Observe  tbe  denominations — Eagle,  E. ;  dollar,  $ ;  dime,  d. ;  cent,  e. ; 
mill,  m. 


16 


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The  mill  is  not  a  coin,  and  ia  only  iisod  in  countinj[j. 

Beside  money  made  of  gilvrr,  gold,  niid  copper,  there  are 
also  pieces  of  onmmeiitcd  paper  representing  money,  upon 
which  are  printed  sums  from  one  dollar  to  one  thousand  ;  these 
pass  readily  for  what  is  stamped  upon  them  for  all  the  purposes 
of  business. 

Wo  count  10  mills  to  every  eent,  , 

10  cents  to  every  (ii/ntr; 
10  dimes  are  in  the  dollar  spent, 

10  dollars  in  the  eagle  cliime, 


6  rencoh 


Shilliug. 


I  SoTereifn. 

ENGLISH  OR  STEELING  MONEY.-This  currency  Is  used  in 

England  and  the  British  culuuies. 

TABLE. 

4  farthings,  qr.,  make 
12  pence 


20  shillings 


1  penny,  d. 
1  shilling,  ». 
1  pound,  £,, 


5  shillings  «.-••!  crown,  c. 

20  shillings      -----         1  sovereign,  sov. 

21  shillings  -----     1  guinea,  G. 

Observe  the  denominations— Potmd,  £  ;  shillinff,  $.  pence,  d. ;  farth- 
inp,  qr.;  from  the  Latin  words,  libra,  a  pound;  $olidut,  a  shilling; 
denarius,  &  penny  ;  quadrana,  a  farthing. 

Farthings  are  marked  in  fractions  thus : — \,  one  farthing ; 
i,  Vwo  farthings,  or  half-penny  ;  f ,  three  farthings. 

The  sovereign,  which  is  made  of  gold,  is  of  the  game  value 
as  the  pound.  Whatever  costs  a  pound,  therefore,  a  sovereign 
will  pay  for.     There  is  no  coin  called  a  pound. 

4  farthings  make  one  English  penny;     -  ;•  ' 

12  pence  are  in  one  shilling  found :        /j, 
While  21  shillings  make  one  gutneOt 
And  20  shillings  form  one  pound. 

5  shillings  make  a  silver  erotcn, 
A  sovereign  is  a  golden  pound. 


IWf'l' 


3a2aj^^^yrQc::'^T^:^raQ^j^^aa2CQ^tr-:rv> 


I  Franc. 


S  Francis 


FRENCH  MONEY.— Thli  monoy  Is  used  in  FrRnce,  and  also  in  the 
French  culoiiiul  puHSOitiiiions  tu  some  extent. 

TABLK., 

10  centimes,*  c,  make    -         -         -         1  fl^cimr,  d. 

10  d6cimes,t 1  franc, t/r. 

Observe  the  denominations — Franc, /r, ;  d6cime,  d. ;  centimo,  c. 

The  five -franc  piece  is  frequently  met  wiili  in  this  country, 
and  passes  currently  at  94  cenm.  Coins  of  a  less  number  of 
francs,  pass  also  at  the  rate  of  19  cents  to  the  franc, 

10  centimes  in  one  decime  meet, 

10  decimcs  msike  one  franc  complete. 


\  -, 


« 


Federal  and  French  arc  decimal, 

They  count  by  tens  alone : 

Of  coins  it  always  take  10  small 

To  make  the  next  larger  one. 

The  English  currency,  'tis  thought, 

To  the  same  standard  will  be  brou^htc 

The  guinea  then  no  more  we'll  sec, 

The  pound  1000  mills  will  be  ; 

And  all  the  lower  coins  will  range, 

In  just  accordance  with  this  change. 


II.  l¥EIOIITS. 

Trot  Weight  of  silver  and  gold  disposes ; 

Apothecaries'  Weight  is  for  doctors'  doses; 
Whatever  else  your  trade  employs. 
Comes  under  the  rule  of  Avoirdupois. 


*  Pronoanced  sonteem.  t  Pronounced  datetm. 

X  Pronounced  fraung,  or  frank. 


■ 

: 


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\ 


18 


^ 


I) 


TBOY  WEIOHT— I*  used  tu  weigh  Gold,  Silver,  JowcIa,  and  Liquors. 

TABLK. 

24  graina,  gr„  make    -         -         1  pcnnywoiglit,  diet. 
20  pennyweights     -         -         -     1  ounce,  oz. 

12  ounces    -         -         -         -         1  pound,  lb. 

Observe  the  denominntions — Pound,  lb. ;  ounce,  ot. :  pennyweight, 
dwt.;  grain,  ^r. 

This  iTile  for  weighing  gold,  will  state 
That  24  grains  make  one  pennyweight  : 
And  20  pennyweights  in  an  ounce  are  found, 
While  12  good  ounceu  make  ii  pound. 

A^OTHSC ABIES'  WEIGHT.— is  usrd  in  mixing  doBce  ofmpdlcine, 
but  diuga  Hnd  ni«'dicinf>8,  like  tnuBt  other  mcrchandiae,  are  bought  and 
sold  by  AvoiADUPOifl  Wbiqiit. 

TABLE. 

20  grains,  gr.,  make 

3  scruples 
8  drachms  -         -         -         - 

12  ounces  -        -         - 

ObsejTe  the  denominations — Pound,  J^.-;  ounce,  ?.;  drachm,  ^-i 
scruple.  3. ;  grain,  gr. 

In  mixing  doses.  Doctors  say 

That  20  grains  one  scruple  weigh  ; 

3  scruples  make  one  drachm  they  hold, 

8  drachms  are  to  the  ounce  enrolled, 

And  ounces  12  for  ^  pound  are  sold.  < 

AVOIBDUFOIS  WEIGHT— la  used  in  weighing  all  cosrso  and 
heavy  gouda,  groceries,  &,c. ;  and  all  metals  except  silver  and  gold. 

TABLK. 

16  drachms,  dr.,  make 
16  ounces        -         -         . 

25  pounds   -         -        -         • 

4  quarters      -         -         • 
20  hundred  weight 


1  scruple,  3, 
1  drachm,  3* 
1  ounce,  ^. 
1  pound,  lb. 


1  ounce,  oz,  -,  " 

1  pound,  lb. 

1  quarter,  qr, 

1  hundred  weight,  «!(<. 

1  tun,  T. 


A 


t 


Ob8Rrv#»  fhn  (Ipttominntioin — Tun,  T. ;  hundred  weight,  «•«.  /  quarter, 
qr. ;  puund,  lb. ;  ounce,  ox. ;  dt'uuhin,  dr. 

2000  pouncU  make  a  tun  in  the  table ;  when,  as  it  some- 
tiniei  i«,  it  is  2240  lbs.,  28  poundg  make  a  quartpr.  Except  in 
special  rasoi,  the  tun  ii  now  regarded  ui  2000  pound*  by 
the  principal  merchant*  of  our  cities. 

„    16  drachms  make  one  ounce, 
16  ounc.'s  make  one  ^Knin^, 
♦    '  25  pounds  one  quarter  counts, 

4  quarters  make  a  hundred  round  ; 
And  20  hundred  weight  are  run, 
To  make  a  full  and  perfect  tvn, 

'Twtis  once  absurdly  held  and  said 
112  pounds  make  a  hundred  weight; 

And  then  this  table  always  read, 
That  a  quarter  hundred  was  28 


III.  IflEASURES. 

By  different  measures,  we  obtain 
Due  quantities  of  wood  or  grain, 
Of  cloth,  or  land,  or  wine,  and  tell 
How  much  of  each  we  buy  or  sell. 
CcoTH  Measure  is  for  ribbons,  tapes, 
And  cloths,  and  silk,  for  coats  or  capes. 
Long  Measure  serves  to  tell  and  trace 
The  distances  from  place  to  place. 
Surveyors'  Measures,  understand, 
Are  only  used  in  measuring  land. 
Dry  Measure  tells  how  much  we  gain 
Of  salt,  coal,  fniit,  potatoes,  grain  ; 
Wiiile  Liquid  Measure  justly  classes 
Wine,  spirits,  beer,  oil,  milk,  molasses. 
Square  Measure  deals  with  surfaces, 
As  walls,  and  floors,  and  fields,  and  seas; 
And  Cubic  Measure  ascertains 
What  any  solid  shape  contains. 
Time  Measure  tells  us,  as  they  fly, 
How  days,  months,  years,  are  rushing  by; 
And  CiRC   i.AR  Measure  shows  the  worth 
Of  lines  that  circle  round  the  earth. 
And  of  the  bands  which  reason's  eye 
Traces  across  the  glittering  sky. 


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1.      MKASURKS     OF     LENGTH. 

CLOTH  MEASURE— Is  used  to  measure  Clotha,  Ribbons,  Tapes, &c. 


2  J  inches,  tn.,  make 
4    nails 
4    quarteri 


TABLB. 


1  nail,  n. 

1  (juiirti'r  of  a  yaril,  qr. 

1  yard,  yd. 


MEASURES. 

1  ell  Hamburgh,  E.  H. 
1  ell  Flemish,  E.  F. 
1  oil  English,  E.  E. 
1  ell  Frenrh,  E.  Fr. 

quarter,  gr. ;  nail,  n. ; 


FOREIGN  CLOTH 

2 1  quarters,  mako   - 

3    quarters  ... 

5  quarters      ... 

6  quarters  -         -        - 
Observe  the  regular  denominations — Yard,  yd. 

inch,  in. 

In  measuring  cloth  for  use  or  sale, 

2 J  inches  make  one  nail; 

4  nails  one  quarter  we  regard, 

And  four  full  quarters  make  one  yard. 

Nails  now  are  seldom  used,  we've  heard, 

Eighths  and  sixteenths  are  much  preferred. 

LONO  MEASURE — I"  used  to  measttre  distances,  and  to  ascertain 
the  Ienj{th  uf  anything  without  regard  to  breadth. 

TABLE. 

10  lines,  /.,  make      * 

13  inches      •         •         •         « 

3  feet      «        •        •        • 

5|^  yards       .        •         •        « 

40  poles,  or  220  yards        • 

8  furlongs  -        -         •        * 

3  miles    -        -        .        • 

60  geographic,  or  69j  statute  miles    1  degree,  Deg. 

360  degrees        •         the  circumference  of  the  earth. 

Observe   the  denominations — Degre<»,  Deg. ;  loague,  L. ;   mil?,  M. ; 
furlong,  fur. ;  rod,  or  pole,  p. ;  yard,  yd, ;  foot,  ft. ;  inch,  in. ;  line,  /. 


1  inch,  in. 
1  foot,//. 
1  yard,  yd. 
1  rod  or  pole,  p. 
1  furlong,  fur, 
1  mile,  M. 
1  league,  L. 


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Twelve  lines  make  an  inch  in  France. 

In  mcafluring  the  height  of  horses,  tho  hand,  4  inches,  Ss 
used  ;  and  in  measuring  the  depth  of  water,  the  fathom,  6  feet, 
is  used.  t 

In  measuring  distances  or  lengths, 

10  lines  are  said  to  make  one  inch! 

12  inches  make  n  perfect /oo/,  ■ 

3  feet  into  a  yard  are  put ; 

5 1  yards  make  a  rod  or  pole, 

And  40  rods  a  furlong  whole ;  %-  , 

8  furlongs  make  a  7nile  quite  big, 

And  3  full  miles  make  up  a  league. 

In  measuring  round  the  earth,  we  see, 

That  60  miles  make  one  degree; 

Degrees  360,  then. 

The  eavMs  circumference  will  span. 


SURVEYOR'S  MEASTJFI2.— This  measure  is  used  In  ascertaining 
the  length  unci  breadth  ut  laud,  roads,  &c. 


TABLE.       . 

7  92-100  inches,  in.,  make  - 

25  links  ----•» 

4  poles,  or  100  linkg  •        -         • 
10  chains         .        .         ,         .         . 

8  fui'longs  -         -         -         .         . 

Observe  thn  denominations — Link,  I. ;  pole,  p. 
fur. ;  mile,  M. 


1  link,  I. 

1  pole,  p. 

1  chain,  c. 

1  furlong, /ur 

1  mile,  M. 

;    chain,  c. ;   furlong, 


7  inches  and  ninety-two  hundredths,  make 
One  link  in  the  chain  surveyors  take, 
100  links  his  chain  embraces, 
With  80  chains  one  mile  he  traces. 


2.    MEASURES   or   CAPACITY. 

LIQITID  MEASURE— la  used  in  meaanring  Wine,  Spirits,  Beer,  Oil, 
Vinegai-,  Milk,  Mulaesed,  &c 


TABLK. 

4    gills,  g.,  make  *■ 

2    pints    -        -        .        • 

4  quarts       »        •        • 
31|  gallons  •        »        • 

2    barrels       .        •        ♦ 

5  hogsheads     •        »        « 
2    pipes  -        .        - 

Observe  tho  regular  denominations — Tun,  i. 


barrel,  hbl. ;  gallon,  gal. ;  quart,  qt. ;  pint,  pt. ;  gill,  g 


1  pint,  pt. 

1  quart,  qt. 

1  gallon,  gal. 

1  barrel,  hbl. 

1  hogshead,  hhdm 

I  pipe,  p. 

1  tun,  t. 

pipe,  p. ;  hogshead,  hhd.  / 


22 


. 


CO 
,5s 


aiog 


long, 


,011. 


. 


MKASVRB9  OF  CAPACITY  SELDOM  USXD. 


TABLB. 

9  gallons,  g.,  make    - 

10  gallons       -         -         - 

2  firkins,  or  18  gallon • 

2  kilderkins,  or  3G  gallons 
l|  barrels,  or  54  gallons 

42  gallons       -        -        - 

2  tierces,  or  84  gallons 


1  firkin,/. 

1  anker,  a. 

1  kilderkin,  k. 

1  barrel  of  beer,  &c.  bbl. 

1  hogshead  of  beer,  hhd. 

1  tierce,  t. 

1  puncheon,  p. 


\ 


w 

Most  liquids  aro  now  sold  by  the  gallon,  quart,  and  pint,  and 
not  by  the  other  denominations  of  liquid  measure ;  in  fact, 
vessels  are  rarely  mado  to  hold  the  exact  quantities  stated  in 
the  table,  and  frequently  retain  the  names  though  containing 
much  more,  the  hogshead  and  barrel  for  instance. 

In  measuring  liquids,  first  we  take 

4  little  gills  one  pint  to  make  ; 

2  pints  then  make  one  quarts  and  still 

4  quarts  the  gallon  measure  fill. 

Gallons  one  half  and  31,  '^ 

Will  fill  a  barrel  to  the  bung. 

2  barrels  to  the  hogshead  go, 

2  hogsheads  fill  a  pipe,  and  so 

2  pipes  will  near  a  tun  o'erflow. 


Though  many  good  things  are  measured  still 
By  gallon,  quart,  and  pint,  and  gill, 
Yet  Liquid  Measure  oft  seems  to  me 
"  The  measure  of  human  misery." 
For  O,  what  countless  evils  come 
From  brandy,  whiskey,  gin,  and  rum, 
Which  it  were  better  ne'er  to  touch, 
For  a  single  drop  is  "  a  drop  loo  much." 


DRY  MEASURE— Is  used  in  meaturing  Grain,  Potatoes,  Fruit,  Coal, 
Salt,  Seeds,  &c. 

TABL8. 


2  pints,  pt.f  make 
8  quarts  -         -        - 

4  pecks       «         •         • 
36  bushels         .        •        - 
8  bushels     -         -         - 

Obeervfi  the  rea:ul«r  denominations- 
pock,  p. !  quart,  qi. ;  pint,  pt. 


1  quart,  qt, 
1  peck,  p. 
1  bushel,  bush. 
1  chaldron  of  coal,  chaL 
1  quarter  of  corn,  qr. 
—Chaldron,  chal. :  bushel,  bush. ; 


.:,«k«.m!i«ti,nrv«i!iM<r«-rv»«<>-f«^!»^<^^ 


•frt^oW^P"^^ 


J 


^llWr^J^i 


r 


h 


0 


2  pints  Dry  Measuue  mnko  one  quart, 

8  (|u:irts  one  honogt.  peck  contains, 
4  y)ocks  are  in  a  bushel  broiiglit ; 

8  bushels,  if  you  are  measuring  grains, 
Arc  to  the  quarter*  counted  out ; 
But  it"  bituminous  coul,^  you  take 
Then  6  and  30  bushels  make 

The  chaldron,  which  in  trade  obtains, 

3.    MKASURES    OF    #0  N  T  E  N  T. 

LAND  OR  SQUARE  MEASURE— Is  used  in  reckoning  the  con- 
tent;! ol  uiiy  buii'uce  by  ite  length  mid  breudth. 

TABLE. 

144    square  inches,  *.  in.,  make  1  square  foot,  S.  F. 


9    square  feet 
30f  square  yards 

40    square  poles  - 
4    square  roods 
G40    square  acres  • 


1  square  yard,  S.  Y. 
1  square  rod,  pole,  or 

perch,  S.  P. 
X  square  rood,  <Si.  R, 
1  square  acre,  S.  A. 
1  square  mile,  S.  M. 


Observe  th^i  d-nominations — Square  mile,  S.  M. ;  equRre  acres,  S.  A. ; 
gqnnre  rood.  S.  R.  ;  square  perch,  S.  P. ;  equate  yard,  S.  Y. ;  square  foot, 
S.  F,  i  square  inch,  S.J. 

Squa?'e  inches  one  hundred  and  forty-four 

Make  one  square  foot,  and  nothing  more. 

9  square  feet  make  one  square  yard, 

30  yards  and  a  quarter  are  one  pole  squared; 

40  square  poles  make  one  square  rood, 

Yet  4  square  roods  make  an  acre  good; 

And  acres  640  the  while, 

Ai'o  wanted  to  make  up  one  square  mile. 

SOLID  OR  CUBIC  MEASURE—Is  used  to  reckon  the  contents  of 
anything  by  its  longth,  breadth,  and  depth. 

TABLE. 

1728  solid  inches,  s.  in.,  make 


40  feet  of  round,  or  }   .    , 
50  feet  of  hewn         ) 


1  solid  foot,  S.  F. 
1  tun,  Tun. 


1  solid  yard,  S.  Yd. 

1  cord  foot  of  wood,  Ft.  W. 

1  cord,  C. 


27  solid  feet 

16  solid  feet  of  wood 

8  cord  feet  of  wood 

Observe  the  denominations — Cord,  C. ;  cord  foot  of  wood,  Ft.  W. ; 
solid  yard,  S.  Y. ;  solid  foot,  S.  F. ;  scjlid  inch,  S.  I. 

*  Whrat  is  measured  In  Great  Britain  by  the  quarter  of  480  lbs. 
t  Bituininou",  or  soft  coal,  is  sold  by  measure,  and  anthracite,  or  hard 
coal,  by  weight. 


I 


I 

r 
t 


( 


con- 


S.A.', 
'  fuot, 


^ 


8  of 


w. 


\w. 


kard 


One  thousand  seven  hundred  and  twenty-eight 

Inches  one  solid  foot  complete. 

In  timber,  40  feet,  if  round, 

Or  50  hewn,  a  tun  is  found. 

In  measuring  ships  the  rule  must  run, 

Feot  2  and  40  make  a  tun. 

Feet  27  one  solid  yard  we  rate, 

A  cord  of  wood  one  hundred  twenty-eight. 


4.    MEASURES    OF    DURATION    AND    CIRCULAR    DISTANCES. 

TIME  MEASURE— In  "^ed  in  computing  the  difiercut  periods  in 
which  any  tiHuajtctioa  or  event  occurg. 

TABLR. 

60  seconds,  sec,  make 

60  minutes  • 


24  hours 
7  days     - 
4  weeks 
12  months 
100  years 


1  minute,  m, 
1  hour,  k, 
1  day,  d. 
1  week,  w. 
1  month,  mo. 
1  year,  yr. 
1  century,  C. 


Observe  the  denominations  —  Century,  0.  ;   jfnr,  yr. ;   month,  mo. ; 
week,  to. ;  day,  d. ;  hour,  h. ;  minute,  m. ;  second,  sec. 

12  calendar  months,  or  13  hmar  months,  1  day,  and  6  hours, 
or  365  days,  6  hours,  1  common,  or  Julian  year. 
The  year  is  divided  by  the  calendar  as  follows : — 

DATS. 

31 
28 
31 


1st  month,  January,  has 
2d         "        Fclmiary, 

March, 

April, 

May, 

June, 


7th  month,  July,  has 


August, 

September, 

October, 

November, 

December, 


f  ■' 


i-T*  M^i^f.:*^  '\!^^t  >«»»''*^w'^*'f  ^'»'*'^yi'»'*  ^rri^rinmf  iW" 


I 


i   f 


February  has  29  days  every  fourth  year,  which  is  called  Bis- 
aextile,  or  Leap  Year.  Every  Leap  Year  may  bo  iHvided  by  4 
without  a  remainder;  other  years,  divided  by  4,  leave  one, 
which  shows  their  number  after  Leap  Year.  Thus,  1854 
divided  by  4,  leaves  a  remainder  of  2 :  that  is,  it  is  the  second 
after  Leap  Year,  &c.,  &c. 

The  number  of  days  in  each  month,  may  easily  be  remem- 
bered by  tho  following  verse  : — 

Thirty  days  have  September, 

April,  June,  and  November; 

AH  the  rest  have  thirty-one,  flp 

Excepting  Febniary  alone. 

Which  hath  twenry-eight,  nay  more, 

Hath  twenty-nine  one  year  in  four. 

There  are  in  every  year  four  seasons,  viz:  Spring,  Summer, 
Autumn,  and  Winter. 

The  Spring  months  are  March,  April,  and  May. 

The  Summer  months  are  June,  July,  and  August. 

The  Autumn  months  are  September,  October,  and  November. 

The  Winter  months  are  December,  January,  and  February. 

The  Spiing  is  the  season  of  flowers ;  the  Summer  of  fruits ; 
the  Autumn  of  the  decay  of  vegetation  and  the  full  of  the  leaf; 
ajid  the  Winter  of  frost  and  snow. 

60  seconds  make  1  minute y 

Time  enough  some  good  to  do ;         , 

60  minutes  make  1  hour, 

Who  will  dare  to  waste  it ?     Who? 

24  hours  make  up  the  day, 

Time  for  work,  and  sleep,  and  play; 

7  days  to  the  week  are  given. 

Six  for  toil  and  one  for  heaven. 

God  gives  me  six  for  work  and  play, 

I  will  not  steal  the  seventh  away. 

4  weeks  in  every  month  appear, 
J,  12  months  make  up  the  rolling  year; 

I'  100  years — few  live  them  to  see — 

Are  what  are  called  a  century,   |? 


«       CIBCT7LAR  MEASURE — la  used  by  Astronomers,  Navigators,  tec, 
^    in  makiHg  their  culculatiuns. 


TABLK. 

60  seconds,  "  make     - 

60  minutes      -         -         -         . 

30  degrees  -         -         - 

12  signs,  or  360  degrees 

Observe  the  denominations — Circle,  C. ;  sign,  S. ;  degree,  °  ;  minute,' ; 
secund, ". 


i  minute,  ' 

1  degree,  ® 

I  sign,  8. 

1  circle  of  the  Zodiac,  C. 


ss. 


'Wlapi  iwtf  a«*»i«tm'<M 


r 


f 


- , 


60  seconds  make  one  inmutey 

60  minutes  one  decree: 
30  (logrces  one  sifrn  has  in  it, 

a    circle     ) 
the  zodiac  ) 


12  si^ns  we  in 


see. 


'Tis  knowledge  gained  from  this,  that  guides 
The  ship,  that  o'er  the  ocean  rides, 
And  shows  the  pilot  lu)W  to  steer 
From  place  to  place,  remote  or  near. 


IV.  BOOKS,  PAPER,  AND  PARCHMENT. 

Books,  Papkr,  Pauchmekt,  all  concern 
Men  of  a  literary  turn: 
As  authors,  printers,  and  booksellers — 
A  race  of  genuine  clever  fellows — 
The  paper  manufacturer,  too, 
With  these,  of  cotirse,  has  much  to  do ; 
The  stationer  and  binder  then — 
Known  as  industrious,  thrifty  men- 
Bear  each  an  honorable  part 
In  the  noble,  intellectual  art, 
Of  furnishing  the  mind  and  heart. 


-"'%i& 


^ 


1.    PAPER    AND     PARCHMENT. 


TABLE  OF  PAPER  AND  PARCHMENT. -Thi^  table  is  used  by 
Papcrnmkerf,  Pi  inters,  and  Uertlers  iii  tltutioni;iy,  &c.,  4:c. 

TABLE.  V 

21  sheets  of  paper,  make 

20  quires    ---••- 


2  reams 


1  quire,  qr, 
1  ream,  Rm, 
1  bundb',  Bdl. 
1  bale,  ni. 


..,..ij^:.st;. 


S2O3C023O3 


12  skills  of  parchment    - 
5  dozen    -         -         - 


1  dozen,  doz. 
1  roll,  rl. 


Obflpive  the  donominations— Quire,  qr. ;   roam,  Rm. ;   bundle,  Bdl. ; 
bale,  Bit. ;  dozen,  doi.  /  roll,  W. 

Two  dozen  sheets  one  quire  will  takn, 
And  20  quires  one  ream  composes  ; 

2  reams  we  in  a  bundle  make, 
10  bundles  a  full  bale  encloses. 


By  dozens  parcihment-skins  are  told ; 
12  to  the  dozen,  ns  of  old; 
5  dozen  for  a  roll  are  sold. 


The  different  sizeii  of  paper  arc — Foolscap,  post,  demi, 
medium,  royal,  super-royal,  imperial,  and  elephant.  Larger 
papers  are  described  by  their  length  and  breadth  in  inches ; 
thus,  20  by  32,  24  by  38,  26  by  40,  29  by  44,  &c.,  &c. 


2.    SIZES    OF   BOOKS. 

TABLE  OF  BOOKS.— This  tnblfi  is  used  by  Authors,  Prhiters,  and 
Boukiiellurs,  in  ascerCaintug  and  naming  the  Hizes  of  books. 

TABLE. 

1  sheet  of  paper  folded  into    2  leaves  is  a  folio,  Fol. 

1  sheet  of  paper  folded  into    4  loaves  is  a  quarto,  Ato. 

1  sheet  of  paper  folded  into    8  leaves  is  an  octavo,  Bvo, 

1  sheet  of  paper  folded  into  12  leaves  is  a  duodecimo,  12nj<?. 

1  sheet  of  paper  folded  into  18  leaves  is  an  octodecimo,  \%mo. 

Observe  the  denominations — Folio,  fol. ;  quarto,  ito.  j  octiivo,  6vo.  ; 
duodecimo,  l2tno. ;  octodecimo,  18mo. 

Whoever  with  a  book  engages, 

Well  knows  each  leaf  will  count  2  pages ; 

One /o^w)  sheet  2  leaves  will  rate, 

A  quarto  4,  octavo  8  ; 

A  duodecimo*  a  dozen  clean, 

An  octodecimo  eighteen ; 

Vicessimo  quarto  makes  up  twenty-four. 

Tricesiimo  secundo  thirty-two,  no  more. 


J 


« 


*  The  duodecimo,  octodecimo,  vicessimo  quarto,  and  tricessimo 
secundo,  whit-h  are  Latin  nuineralfl,  are  penerally  cHlled  ]2mo.,  18mo., 
24mo.,  and  32mo.    There  are  also  48ino.,  64mo.,  and  7imo. 


iX 


Jki 


.f^ 


J 


(I 
•I 


1.  TABLE  OF  WEIGHTS. 

A  banvl  of  flour  weighs 

A  barrel  of  beef  or  pork   - 

A  baiTel  of  pot  ashes     -         ■         - 

A  firkin  of  butter       -        -        - 

A  bushel  of  salt     -        -         -         . 

A  peck  of  salt  -         -        -        - 

A  gallon  of  train  oil      -         •         - 

A  stono  of  wire  weigbs 

A  stono  of  sheet  iron,  or  horseman's 

A  quintal  of  fish         -         -         - 

A  faggot  of  steel   -        - 

A  fother  of  lead         -         • 


2.  TABLE  OF  PARTICULARS. 

12  things  make 
12  dozen,  or  144 
12  gross  or  1728      - 
20  things    - 
5  score  *        •> 


3.  VALUE  OF  SILVER  AND  GOLD  COINS. 


An  English  shilling 
**         "       crown 


sovereign     - 
pound      .         •         - 
guinea 
A  franc  of  Franco      *         -         - 
A  thaler  of  Gennany 
A  Spanish  doubloon   -        «         « 
A  South  American  doubloon  - 
Four  shillings  and  two  penco  sterling 


h 


p 


if'\ 


5.  TABLES  OF  ALIQUOT,  OR  £V£N  PARTS. 

Brting  fiacrions  or  Ijrok*^)  purta  of  cortiiiii  thing;*  and  their  vi\]\\r. 


Farts  of  a  Dollar. 


1  cent  is 
3  cts.  arc 


<( 


(< 


II 


ti 


5 

10 
25 

50 

75"" 
87|- 


<( 


II 


•( 


<( 


<< 


1 

Too 
1 

1 
5  0 

1 
To 

1 

! 

2 

8 
8 
4 

7 
5" 


Farts  of  a  Fenny. 

1  fnrtliing  is  \ 

2  fartli's  are  ^ 

3  «<  <<     3[ 


Farts  of  a  Shilling. 


1 

h 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 


penny    is    y'^ 
pence  are  \ 


•< 


(( 
II 
11 
11 
It 
i( 
II 
(I 


i 

6 
I 

4 
1_ 
'3 
6 

T2 
1 

7 

T? 
2 
3^ 
3 
4 


Farts  of  a  Found. 


Farts  of  a 

Cwt. 

Farts  of  a  Tun 

Farts  of  a  Year 

Farts  of  a 

Cwt. 

of  112  lbs. 

of  2240  lbs. 

of  12  months. 

of  100  lbs. 

4    lbs. 

1 

^8 

cwt.  qrs. 

1  mo.   is   y2 

1  lb.. is 

TU7 

7     " 

1 

T6 

1  0    is    ,V 

2  mos.  are  ^ 

5     " 

1 
5?T 

8     " 

1 
TT 

2  0  are  y^^ 

3     *'      '♦  \ 

10     " 

1^5 

14     " 

1 

8 

2  2    "     i 

4     II      II  ^ 

20     ** 

1 

16     " 

J. 

i 
4 

4  0    "     i 

r        II          II     6 
^                         12 

25     " 

\ 

28     " 

5  0    "     J 

6     "      "   \ 

50     " 

1 

56     " 

1 

I 

4 

10  0   "     \ 

8     -      -  -1 

75     " 

84     " 

15  0    "     1 

Q         II           II      3 
"^                          4 

80  '" 

1 

Fractions  in  Arithmptic  are  so  mado,  that  if  all  the  parts 
into  which  a  number  is  clividefl  arc  added  tug'Cthor,  thoy  will  just 
equal  that  number;  as  when  an  apple  is  cut  into  part!^  of  various 
shapes,  you  can  join  them  together  and  form  the  apple  again. 

Jin 
30 


;.:^Bl^w:jlW|jijpi4.jg.i|jt'-. 


'^^f^SS^'- 


^■V  itm^^mS!UtV^.*Hff^sm:tviUti»:':ttmi^^--:^ 


2S£S5S0:r£O3 


I 


6. 

TABLES  OF  STERLINO  CURREI7CY. 

Table  of  Shillings  ax>.d  Pence.  | 

Table  of  Shillings  and  Founds. 

«.             d. 

d.          s.   d. 

«.          £    s. 

8.              Jj     s. 

1      19        12 

20  are    1     8 

20  nro    1     0 

140  aro    7     0 

2    are      24 

30    "     2     6 

30    "      1   10 

150    "      7   10 

3      "       36 

40   "      3     4 

40    "      \i     0 

160    "80 

4      "       48 

50    "      4     2 

50    "     2  10 

170    "      8  10 

5      "       60 

60   "50 

60   "     3     0 

180    "90 

6      "       72 

70   "     5  10 

70    "     3  10 

190    "     9  10 

7      "       84 

80    "      6     8 

80    "      4     0 

200    "    10     0 

8      "       96 

90   "     7     6 

90   "      4   10 

210    "    10  10 

9      "     108 

100   "84 

100    "50 

220    "11     0 

10      •'     120 

110   "92 

110    "     5  10 

230    "    11  10 

11      "     132 

120    •*    10     0 

120    "     6     0 

240    "    12     0 

12      "     144 

130   "    10  10 

130   "     6  10 

500    "   25     0 

7.    TABLE    SHOWING    THE    SHILLINGS   AND    PENCE 

Currency  ol  the  principal  Stale's  of  tlie  Union  and  the  British  Provinces, 
with  itd  Vuhie  in  Dullura  and  Cents. 


In 

«( 

(1 
(( 

4( 
<t 
ti 
l( 
<( 


Maine, 

N(3w  Hampshire, 

Vermont, 

Massachusetts, 

Rhode  Island,    ' 

Connerticut, 

Virginia, 

Kentucky, 

Tennessee, 


TABLK. 


In  New  York, 

"    Ohio, 

"    North  Carolina, 


In  New  Jersey, 
"    Pennsylvania, 
"    Delaware, 
**    Maryland, 


16|  cents  are  called 

one  shilling', 

and  six  sliiliingg 

make  one 

dollar. 


12|  cents  are  called 

one  shilling, 

and  eig-ht  shillings 

make  one  dollar. 


13 1  cents  are  called 

one  shilling, 

and  seven  shillings 

and  sixpence  niako 

one  dollar. 


f!\ 


212-5 


In  South  Carolinai 
Geoigia, 


« 


cents  are  called 
one  shilling^ 
and  four  shillings 
and  eight  pence     ;  * 
make  one  dollar. 


(«^»  g:i»:»m  mmiii-^e}'*^-.  «;iiei'i(«i#-w«p»c]KiS>>;».i;<«  ji>^vi;«ii 


.-.r 


»iifr.*rr-tftf'r*'r»rf-  ■ 


! 


sf°^ 


111  the  rcin.iiiiing  ihirUfon  Sttitrs,  the  cent,  «limo,  and  dollur, 
of  Federal  money,  uro  generally  used. 

BRITISH     PKUVINCES. 

In  Canada  East,  "^  20  cents  are  cnllod 


"    Canada  West, 
*'    Nova  Scotin, 
"    New  Jirunswick, 


I 

I 


one  shilling, 
and  liv(>  HJiillings 
make  one  dollur. 


8.  TABLES  OF  THE  VALUE  OF  SHILLINGS  AND  FENCE 

OF  TII£   SBVKHAb  MTATS   CUBRKN'CIRS,    IN   DOLLARS   AND   CENTS. 


One  Shilling 
New  YDrk  currency 

8  Shillings 
to  the  Dollar. 

$    r.ts.  K.    d. 

0  061  are    0  6 


Two  Sliilling«, 
New  York  curreiiry 


Siipenre, 
w  York  i-MTxi-n 


6  Shillings 
to  the  Dollar. 

$      Ctl*.  8.        d 

0  m\  arc  0    4i 


4  Shillings 
to  the 
$   cts.  a. 

0  06i  are  0 
0  12^  «  0 
0  18f 
0  25 
0  3H 
0  37^ 
0  43| 
0  50 
0  56| 
0  62i 
0  68| 
0  75 
0  8U 
0  87i 

0  93| 

1  00 
12^ 

1   25 
1   37i 
1   50 


m 


V7»»fc^**Viy.qtwr^»>T*t-^.yyfc-.'Tyyyy^ 


■T^ffflT^l^ti  f'W  III  m-aimr  nin-nfrr  ■'lAnii  mi i  \ 


h;'.r''!'.v«^a.__ 


1 


.gitoigo^gargaricgwtx^xg; 


f: 


I 
I 


III  tlic  Stutca,  wlipn*  8  shilling's  niak<'  li  iollut  ihr  ^^  oont 
Spanish  (:t  ill  14  cHlK'd  •'  HixpiMico,"  iiiul  tin  l'J|,  ri'iif  t»in  a 
•' 8liilliii;r;"  wlicro  6  Bhillinus  rnnlui  n  <l»»l  ir,  tlin  it  mor  in 
cralli'd  '*  loiirpeni'e  haltpoiiity"  iind  iho  liili/'r  *•  JiiiH'|  "^nc^^" 
but  ill  tlif  «t;it»'8  l)«)ni»'rin|if  on  thf  Guit'of  Mexico,  tlu*  <)|  ront 
coin  is  »m1U'(I  a  ••/x'rwwf,"  or  picnynne,  uiid  th«.'  I'J^  cont  <'(»!»' 
a  "  bit,*'  theao  cuius  being  cveiywline  usid  in  the  liiiitiHl  SluU*. 

9.  SHILLINGS  AND  PENCE  IN  CENTS, 

WITH   SKVKN   8HII.LIN03   AND   SIXl'ENCK   TO    THK    UOLLAB. 
•     ft.«.  8         d 

0  OCi^  are    0     5^  called  five  penco,  or  a  "  fij)"  in  trade. 


0   12.^ 

(1 

0 

Hi 

« 

eleven  penci-,  or  a  "  levy" 

<« 

0   18| 

« 

1 

H 

(( 

a  levy  and  a  fip 

(t 

« 

0  25 

<( 

1 

lOi 

« 

two  levies 

(( 

t« 

0  31i 

<( 

2 

4* 

« 

two  levies  and  a  fip 

u 

« 

0  37i 

(t 

2 

n 

(( 

three  levies 

(( 

(( 

0  4:3i 

u 

3 

n 

«( 

three  levies  and  a  fip 

«( 

i( 

0  50 

« 

3 

9 

(t 

four  levies 

<( 

u 

0  SGJ 

« 

4 

n 

i( 

four  levies  and  a  fip 

« 

« 

0  (32i 

l< 

4 

8} 

« 

live  levies 

« 

<( 

0  68^ 

(( 

5 

u 

(( 

five  levies  and  a  fip 

« 

(( 

0  75 

u 

6 

n 

« 

six  levies 

« 

(i 

0  81i 

(( 

6 

H 

K 

six  levies  and  a  fip 

n 

<( 

0  87i 

t{ 

6 

6f 

« 

seven  levies 

« 

<t 

0  93J 

« 

7 

og 

<( 

seven  levies  and  a  fip 

(( 

i( 

1  00 

t( 

7 

6 

f( 

eight  levies 

« 

(( 

1    12J 

<( 

8 

5i 

« 

a  dollar  arid  a  levy 

« 

it 

1   25 

i( 

9 

4i 

« 

"     «         "   two  levies " 

« 

I  37J 

« 

10 

1| 

« 

"     "         "    three  levies 

u 

1  50 

i< 

11 

3 

<4 

«     «         «   four  levie. 

?" 

(( 

The  various  values  of  the  shilling-  in  the  precnding^  tables 
resulted  from  the  unequal  dopreciniion  of  the  pii[)ernioiu'y  shil- 
ling of  the  American  Colonies  under  English  rub',  and  at  the 
time  of  the  Revolution.  Oiiginally  its  valuM  w,is  the  same  as 
the  f(jrmer  value  of  the  English  shilling — 22  1-5  cents — from 
which  it  fi'll  to  21  2-5  in  some  colonies  or  states,  and  to  16f 
13|,  and  12^  cents  in  others,  where  it  still  remains. 

NoTR.— Thi^  foregoing  talilos  of  currency  wi!l  give  children  tho  neces- 
sary kiinwl'  die  i)f  thi;  vnrloiia  dejiomin  itioiirt  ot  h  kind  ot  mnit^y  of 
which  tht>y  d;uly  hoir,  ond  noi-d  to  unch-r'tand.  The  names  t-h.llinir  and 
penny  cmne  Iruiii  KnjjJnnd  with  "U>-  Enirlish  !mcei<ror->,  and  nr  siill  ex- 
tensivfMy  w-u'd  in  thi^  country.  We  have  in  the  United  Srntes,  ho^vev^'r, 
a  nntiiinid  lurn'ncy,  with  more  frioiplycoinliined  and  l)Ptr*?r  (iiyi^lons, 
which  ought  li>ng  sincR  l<»  have  superseded  every  otiier  in  use.     Teachsri 


33 


v.-pv.<st»  :a!Mi«r^J<i««;sw::*9S«R«n9»t«fHr*<ftTRS!S»!t- 


CMiild  t'Xt'it  H  Mirong  Intluf'nrr  In  h»hult  ol  tli<'  FfdiTHl  nirmicy  l»y 
thkins  rnrf.  tit  rxpliiiii  its  pr«)p('rll»'»  niul  lulvtintfiifi'M  t<»  rlit|ilr»'(i,  wlio 
Wniilil  civf  it  tin-  pri'Tfii'iiCM  ill  itfYrr  llff,  hifnUMo  of  jtH  Hiinpliciry  nml 
thi!  Ri«H»>  liy  vvhicli  it  iniiy  l)t>  irrkoiifMl  ;  tiiid  thiiH  It  would  roini*  to  l>u 
uiiiVHrfiilly  lulopttd.  Am  Fi'deinl  mmu'y  i!iiT<'n'«cH  or  HiiniiiishoM  liy  tt'im 
likR  coMiinoM  iiiiinl>orfl,  iiiui  ms  <IoIIhi°«  himI  c>  nto  midcit  tu,  militriictcd 
fi'oiri,  iiMi1tipli<Hi  nr  iliviticil  liy  dniliu'g  nnd  nMitM  «ilwnyit  yi»'ld  citlirr 
dollarn  m  i;ciif«,  wh  l«  Htciliiij,'  m(iii»'y  Mihiccftd  to  miy  of  tli<'«i'  ttpciu- 
tioiiH  requiir-  nlM-rwiiid  to  lio  rniucnf  by  divi^idii  to  it«  prnpci  dt  iinrn- 
inatioti-' ;  th«'i('('<in>,  tli<>  oik;  has  in  iiDiiiy  iirnxr'H  impetinr  olHiirH  to  iisn 
ovrr  ilif  orhtM-.  In  Fihiico  ii  Bimilnr  curi>ncy  hna  loiij^^  sIuch  l)»*i'n 
iidoptt'ti,  iirid  ill  Kiiuliiiid  it  pnil)!ilily  will  \>i'  'lo  loii^.  In  tiiiir  the  dicirnHl 
Rystctu  will  no  ilotilit  Ik;  uppli'd  it]-o  to  weights  mid  moaoutca  m  inuat 
cuiiimcrciul  oounliie<»,  na  in  Kmiioo  ia  Mlii'iidy  th»?  chho. 

10.  TABLE  OF  ARITHMETICAL  BIONS. 

-|-  Plfis,  nv  more,  monniiip'  adtlrtl  to.  This  si^jn  whon  plafed 
hotwcfn  i\v»)  nnnibt'i's,  »lio\v8  that  thoy  nio  to  ho  addtMl  to- 
g(Mii('inii(l  ('(»ii3i(lon'cl  as  one  nmiibpr;  ihua,  24-{~36  ;  tlmt  is,  24 
udflcd  to  'M\,  wliiidi  is  rend  24  pins  30. 

==  ^1'j'/)ifilita.s,  or  P(|U!iliiy,  nicaidiig^  e(juiil  to.  This  b\^u  whnn 
phuird  h«'lwt'eii  two  or  m(M'e  iiiiml)Pr9,  shows  that  those  which 
pn'C('(U'  th(;  sifi^n  nro  cqtial  to  those  which  ("oUow  it;  thus, 
O4.|-3(}=:(i0;  tiiat  is,  24  ndded  to  30  arc  oqiial  to  (iO. 

—  Minus,  or  h^ss,  iiuuiiiiiig  suhtriictrd  from.  This  si^n, 
when  pl.iccd  between  two  numbers,  shows  that  one  is  to  bo 
taken  from  the  other;  thus,  84  —  42;  that  is,  42  is  to  bo  sub- 
tracted from  84,  which  is  read  84  minus  42. 

X  MuUiplico,  to  multiply,  meanin^^  multiplied  by.  This 
sign  placed  between  two  numbers  signifies  that  one  is  to  be 
multiplied  by  tlie  other;  thus,  24X30  ;  tlmt  is,  24  is  to  be  mul- 
tiplied by  36,  which  is  read  24  multiplied  by  30. 

-f-  Vivido,  to  part,  meaning  divided  by.  Tliis  sign  placed 
between  two  numbers  shows  that  one  is  to  be  divided  by  the 
other;  thus,  60-*- 15  ;  that  is,  60  is  to  be  divided  by  15.  When 
placed  horizontally  between  two  numbers,  the  one  above  imd 
the  other  below,  the  dots  are  dispensed  with ;  thus,  ^ ;  that 
is,  1  divided  by  2. 

KXAMPLKS. 

Read  the  following:  72-j-47==119  ;  656-f809=1405  ;  1400 
-j-700=2100;  76  —  38=38;  104— 26=78;  290  — Ur^^HO  ; 
25  X  12=300;  99  X  9=891 ;  425  X  50=21250;  64-r-8=8; 
144-f-12=12:  1728-5-12=144;  1728-f  144  — 570X12-1-288 
=54;  64-^-8X16=128;  30X12=144X3;  500X10  —  300= 
47X90+470;  4  —  2X6=12. 


Vinculumf  or  a  bond  of  union,  meaning  that  the  num- 
bers over  which  it  is^ placed,  axe  lo  b«  considered  ajj  uirik»^d 
or  one,  and  to  bo  subjected  to  the  aame   operation  ;    thus, 

r2+135<T9. 


i 

3 


,"<- 


^■tit^^tfp^ 


«tww.iir«*ff»f<M»iv«'M»«;.iMM««L  I.  tmMtmx0ttmim0lKt^f»mi>maf»<iaiKi^- 


.•<■■ 


:  ::  :  I'mpor/n),  or  propiM'tiori.  Tlirm»  wp[?i«  nro  plticcd  ho- 
tw(>«>n  niiinlicrH  to  hIiow  tlicir  rrliitiixi  to  oarh  otlior,  so  tliat 
knowiii;.'-  th«'  rcliilioii  of  J  wo  tiiitnlicr.H,  two  otlirrs  nuiy  ho.  (omid 
that  linvp  tli(>  xumr  n-iiiiion ;  t'.ais,  H  :  (I  ::  I)  :  18,  wliioli  it 
rciirf  IIS  follows:  As  3  is  to  6  so  ii»  J)  t«i  18,  Ixm-iiusi'  3  is  tlu' 
liiiir  of  6  liiid  f)  l>:iir  of  18,  tlHTcloio  ilu'  proportion  of  3  to  6 
is  the  Biinio  ufl  f)  to  18.  I'liis  nigti  i»  reud  thus:  Ah,  is  tu, 
$n  is,  to. 

3  Potcnttn^  or  powrr.  Evciy  mmihi-r  is  u  powor,  ntid  to  in- 
rrp:  so  its  power  yon  ?no!<t  niulliply  it  hy  it.s»-lf  the  nuinhfr  of 
tiiJK  8  finswciitij;  to  tlir  pjtwcr  to  whicli  yoii  wish  to  raise  it. 
Tho  fl/^juro  wliicli  exprcHsrs  tho  power  to  which  ntiother  in  f»» 
he  raised  is  rulh'ci  mm  cxptmeiit  or  index,  which  is  a  sniiill 
figure  placed  ii;;iiiMrtt  its  ri^lil  hand  upper  part;  thu'»,  4';  tiiat 
i:^,  4  is  to  he  iiinlliplicd  three  tiines  hy  itself,  or  4X4X4=^(J4; 
therefore,  04  is  the  thiitl  power'  of  4,  tiiid  Ih  the  sarne  as  4''. 

V  Rndur^  or  ntot,  iiieanin^^  that  tlie  root  is  to  he  extruded. 
The  root  of  a  nuinher  in  Hiich  a  one  as  multiplied  hy  itself  a  given 
nuniher  of  tinier  will  produce  the  niiniher  whose  niot  is  wuntetl. 
\/  means  the  sqinre  root,  i\/  the  cuhi"  root,  4\/  the  fourth 
root,  6\/  the  fifth  root,  &c. ;  tlieiefore,  ^04  shows  that  8  is 
wanted,  hecause  8X8=()4.  3\/(!4  shows  that  4  is  wuntod,  he- 
cause  4X4  X4==04.  ^V'HJ  shows  that  2  is  wanted,  hecause 
'2X2X'-iX-=n).  »V''i43  fihows  that  3  is  wanted,  hecuuso 
3X3X3X3X3=243. 


ILLUSTRATIVE  EXAMPLES. 

ODD   NUMBERS. 

Odd  numbers  begin  witli  1,  and  consist  of  every  sc^cond  fol- 
lowing figure;  thus,  1,  3,  5,  7,  9,  II,  13,  15,  17,  19,  are  odd 
numbers. 

Odd  numbers  X  ''y  *J<^<^  numbers  =  odd  numbers. 

Odd  numbers  X^veii  numbers  =  even  numbers. 

Even  numbers  X  «ven  numbers  =  even  numbers. 

Even  numbers  -f-  even  luimbers  ■■=  even  numbers. 

Odd  numbers  -{-  odd  numbers  =  even  numbers. 

Odd  nuinbei's  -f-  even  numbers  =  odd  numbers. 

Many  of  the  odd  numbers  above  3  that  can  only  bo  -{-  1,  can 
be  -f-  6  by  snbtnirting  1  or  adding  1.  For  instance,  13  can 
only  bo  -f-  1  but  13  —  I  may  be  -*-  6,  so  with  17,  19,  25,  Si,c, 

What  is  a  Trillion  ?  a  thousand  billions  ;  written  tiiiin — 
1,000,000,000,000. 

But  if  you  were  to  count  iiUO  a  miuute,  it  would  tako  you  8512 
years  34  days  5  hours  and  20  minutes  to  count  it,  which  M 
nearly  twice  as  long  as  the  world  has  existed. 


P 


THE    NUMBER    NINE. 

The  powers  of  tho  figure  d  are  more  numerous  and  remark- 
able than  those  of  any  other  figure. 

The  figures  composing  the  ])iH)duct  of  evpry  figure  from  1  to  9 
multiplied  into  9,  added  together,  mako  nink;  thus- 

9  9  9 

14  7 


9.  9 
2 


36.  d-\-ih 


=9 
5 


63, 


6-f3=9 
8 


18.  1+8= 


=9 
3 


45.  4-|-5=9         72.  7+2=9 
6  9 


27.2+7=*:9        54.5+4=9         81.8+1=9 

The  above  multipliers  from  1  to  9  added  together=45  nnd 
4+5=s=r(iNE.  Their  seN'prul  products  added  together  =405, 
which  -♦-  9==45  and  4+5=nine.  The  amount  of  the  first 
product  (9)  added  t(»  tho  remaining  eig[)t  products  (eight 
9s)=81,  and  8+l,=9  and  81=9X9;  81  is  therefore  called 
the  square  of  nine.  The  405  mentioned  above  +  81=486, 
and  this  -»-9=54,  and  5+4=  nine.  The  number  of  changes 
that  may  bo  rung  on  9  bells  is  362,880,  wliich  figures  added 
together  make  27,  and  7+2=nine.  And  362,880-*-9=40,320, 
and  these  figures  added  together  make  nine. 

THE    GAME    OF    CHESS. 

Ses9ft,who  invented  the  game  of  chess  for  an  East  Indian 
king,  was  promised  in  return  any  reward  which  he  should  ask. 
Underslandiiif^,  better  than  his  patron,  the  power  of  numbers, 
and  wishing  to  rebuke  his  rashness,  he  asked  simply  for  one 
grain  of  wheat  fur  the  fir«t  square  on  the  chess-board,  two  for 
the  second,  four  f(v  the  third,  and  so  doubling  to  the  sixty- 
fourth.  The  king  was  astonished  at  the  apparent  smallness 
of  the  gift,  but  still  mr)re  so,  when  told  tltnt  the  number  of 
grains  would  be  18,446,744,073,709,551,615.  There  are  in  a 
bushel  589,824  grains  of  whnat,  and  18,446744,073,709,551,615 
-i-589,824  gives  31,274,997,411,295  bushels;  more  than  the 
whole  surface  of  the  earth  could  produce  in  many  yeai-s,  and 
more  in  value  probably  than  the  whole  w(>alth  of  the  globe. 
The  king,  therefore,  did  not  keep  his  promise ! 

;,  GEORGE    BIDDER. 

This  wonderful  boy,  whose  portrait  is  on  the  title-page, 
when  very  young  and  uneducated,  could  sojve  the  most  difficult 
arithmetical  questions  entirely  in  hii  uwu  mind  without  the  use 
of  pencil  or  slate,  and  more  uuickly  than  any  one  could  in  the 

common  way.  H*^ --..•' 

OX 


■$i' 


?m 


*:V?' 


^ 


4* 

/ 


y 


d 


N/  L    <icc 


^5k:x::si 


?TJ.^i^nar^:sx:^^ 


.:_i'^vi..-j;/.i;. 


RICHARD  MARSH, 

PlIBLISIlEa,  Sf,\TIOXER,  BOOKSELLER, 


AND 


BLANK-BOOK  MANUFACTURER 

(■■>r 

'  374  *Pearl  Street, 

s 

NEW     Y  O  R  H;;. 

.. —      ■  '      rfiii*' .  ■■■ 


11.  Ma-RSH  puMisVes  the  now  edition  of  UiruigjiHlLL's  Nrw 
i-!  Tahlk  Book  in  I'timor  lonn,  ii)  which  thf  th'sfgn  of  rendering 
I]  th*^.  tt\i\}\(teX  o^f  Aiithmctio  nttmctivo  to  childri'iifhnd'  bei-n  most 
8ar<^c3«iuily  rnriieii  out.  fiviMy  younf:  child  iii'the  land  who 
knows  hn\v  to  rend  should  have  n  copy  ph\ced  in  iihj'hands. 

K.  M.  m>(^  puhiifshcsaii  pxtrnsive  list  of  hooks  iiiciudin^  gome 
of  the  most  ;iitort;iiinitg  and  salcahlc  kinds,  which  he  furnish- 
es on   acconinif  id' iting  terms  ;  among  wiiich  are 

Marryat'8  Works,  8vo  Alonzo  and  Melissa,  24nio. 

Bulwar's  Novels,  '<^  ois  24mo      New  Book  of  1000  Songs,  24mo. 


j   Thaddeus  of  Warsaw,  i24iiio 
Three  SpaiiiaiiLS,  u  J:n -. 
Ro.lerick  IUad<Mii,  -Uiy.o. 
Mystariotts  MarrUye,  2imo. 
ftlnal.i(^  Kioaldini,  n4nio. 


New  Songs  for  the  Million,  ** 
The  American  Cruiser,  i2mo. 
Shipwreckft.and  Disastera  I2mn, 
Tales  of  Terror,  \-4uio. 
Gulliver'*!  Travels,  ifimo. 


Tlie  Song  Book  of  Song  Books,  24mo. 

and  olj\'rs  for  Sale  every  vnriety  of 

STATIONERY, 

SCHOOL,    MISCELLANEOUS, 

AND      BLANK-  BOOKS, 
AT  WHOLESALE  AND  BETAIL. 


*:itr     Oify  nnl  Connhy  Dealers  fuiniahed  with  evriy  article 
nt'Ct'ssuiy  to  a  rumpU'to  stock  at  th?*  lowest  cnali  prices. 


